Science of the Arts

This blog post is about how Science can improve my art in the festival of the Arts Kete.

Aim:
- I want to research the history of Obscura Camera
- How does pinhole camera or Obscura camera Work?
- I want to investigate how to make a Obscura Camera.
- I want to investigate how chemicals react with light to make a photograph.

Research:
History of Obscura Camera (Obscura Camera)
How does Obscura Camera Work (Obscura Camera)

Base on my research, Camera Obscura have taken place since very early times. The first recorded evidence of this effect was by Mo Tsu, he was a Chinese thinker in 500bc. Lenses has to have its focal length to be fixed. The brightness and clarity of image that the lens introduced made it a practical tool for artists like Vermeer and Canaletto and perhaps encouraged more experimentation. Camera is a Latin word for room or chamber and Obscura is a Latin word for dark. Camera Obscura means dark room. Putting out the camera obscura out in the landscape, rays of light reflect of objects in the landscapes and bounce of in all directions. Most of the light will be scattered, but some will make it through the opening in the camera obscura. The reflected light will be the same colour as the object in the landscape, light reflects off other objects as well. All of the spot of light combine to form an image on the back of the camera obscura. If the opening in the camera obscura is large, the rays of light are large. It makes a bright and clear projection because a lot of light is allowed in. But it can also make the picture blurry because the projections are large and overlap quite a lot. 

How Chemicals react with light to make a photograph. (Pinhole Camera) 

Light sensitivity, of the Silver Halides, is the key to the photographic process. When light is exposed, a chemical reaction darkens the film to produce an image. Silver Halides is one of the Halogens. Silver Halides are light-sensitive chemicals, and are commonly used in photographic film and paper.

Equipment: 
How to make an Obscura Camera (Obscura Camera)
- Magnifying Glass
- Baking or Tracing paper
- Cardboard or box
- Mirror
- Electric Tape
- Craft Knife
- Other design materials
- Glue gun
- Scissors
- Pencil
- Ruler
- Light bulb or lampshade



Method:
(Link to Instruction) (<----- in youtube)

1. First figure out the focal length of your magnifying glass. Using the light bulb or the lamp shade, test the focal length of a magnifying glass by testing it somewhere dark and using the light bulb. (Put the magnifying glass in front of the light bulb testing it in a wall that's dark. Test the the focal length by moving the magnifying glass forwards and backwards until you can get the right focal length. You will know the right focal length when the picture of the light bulb is clear and when its not blurry. Then using a ruler, measure starting to the wall and to the magnifying glass.)
2. Second make the side of the boxes, it includes; the top, bottom, left side, right side, front and the back side. (All sides should be cut separately).

3. Then using the glue gun, stick the bottom, the right side, the left side cardboard all together. 

4. Then make two small stands (looking like a rectangle) to put on both sides of the box, also make a piece of Cardboard to put in front of your stand.

5. Glue the two small stands in the side of your box and putting it on an angle of 45 degrees angle. Put the piece of cardboard in front of your sides and going in an angle as well. 

4. Glue the mirror in the piece of cardboard (The cardboard that is glued in the stands)
5. You can now stick the back side cardboard onto the back of your box.
6. In the front side cardboard, make a circle hole for the magnifying glass. After that, stick the magnifying glass to the hole.
7. Glue gun the front side in the front of your box (Make sure to put the front side on the measured focal length).
8. Using the top bit of your box, cut a square which you will put for the tracing paper. After cutting a square, tape or glue the tracing paper (But I recommend to tape it because if anything goes wrong with your tracing paper you can easily get it.)
(Making that top bit)
9. Now, we have to make a small Necker cube without a top and bottom. Make the sides of the Necker cube and glue them all together (no top, no bottom).
10. Glue the top cardboard into the top of your box (Make sure that the tracing paper is above the mirror).
11. Then glue the Necker cube cardboard in the top of your tracing paper (Make sure the Necker cube cardboard is in the exact place, in top of your tracing paper, this will be your viewing screen.)
12.  Then your Obscura Camera is all finish, all you need to do is to design.

Results: (Write down what I saw)
As a result, my obscura camera was successful. I was able to look at it with a clear and bright projection. Also I have learned a lot of things, I have learned how it works, its history, why is it able to reflect its light and other more things. This experiment has proven me that camera obscura actually works. Before I thought this experiment wouldn't work. Also I thought that the camera obscura has its images different to a real camera's images but after the experiment, I've proven that the camera obscura is actually like a real camera. Both obscura camera and a real camera has clear and nice quality projection.

Discussion: (Write down what happened or why/how it happened)
I have been observing and have been working hard to find out how the obscura camera works. I found out that the magnifying glass reflects the image and can make the image that is far to be larger. I have learnt that, to be able to make a clear picture using a magnifying glass, you have to discover the right focal length of the magnifying glass. 

Evaluation: How did your experiment go? What was a success?
I was so satisfied by experiment or project because I didn't expect it to work, since I don't know anything about obscura camera in the first lessons. I have learnt a lot of it and now it all makes sense to me. I have been able to do it successfully and I have manged the camera obscura to work.  

Changes in Nature 18th October

Changes in Nature 18th October

- What are Geologic Time Periods?

The geological time is a system of chronological measurement, that relates to stratigraphy time. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, and also other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred throughout Earth’s history.

- Name them

- Why are they important to scientists?

Time is a very important in geology, this is because the exact timing of spatially separated events allows us to reconstruct the surface and surface conditions of the ancient earth. Scientist are discovering more about time and also geology that's why this is important. 

Geologic Time Periods 19th October

 Period + What happened 

Earth forms 4.6 Billion years ago. 

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Precambrian Earliest

- 1st organisms single called, oxygen present 

- Later, multi celled organisms 

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Cambrian 540 million years ago (Paleozoic) 

- Lots of different organisms 

- Earliest animals with backbone

- Lots of carbon dioxide

-----------------------------------------------------

Ordovician 490 million years ago (Paleozoic)

- Lots of animals without skeletons

- Early shellfish, trilobites, nautilus, starfish + fish

- 1st green plants and fungi

- End of Ice age

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Silurian 443 million years ago (Paleozoic)

- 1st advanced plants

- Jawed fish with armour

- more shellfish 

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Devonian 416 million years ago (Paleozoic)

- 1st ferns

- 1st fir trees with seeds

- 1st wingless insects

- 1st amphibians

- Some animals from earlier periods die out. 

- Most climate cool

-----------------------------------------------------

Carboniferous 354 million years ago (Paleozoic) 

- Swampy land

- 1st "coal" forest (trees --> coal over millions of years)

- Early sharks, large trees

- 1st reptiles and vertebrates

- Trilobites disappearing

- Glaciers form

- Winged insects

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Permian 290 million years ago (Paleozoic) 

- Land masses have formed 1 continent "Pangaea"

- Glaciers disappear (warming up)

- Lots of reptiles

- 1st cone bearing trees

- Beetles and flies appear

- Lots of life in oceans

- 251 Million years ago = 95% life --> extinct

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Triassic 248 million years ago (Mesozoic)
- Dinosaurs appear 
- First mammals and crocodiles appear 
- Modern corals and fish
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Jurassic 206 million years ago (Mesozoic)
- Lots of different dinosaurs 
- Ferns and cone bearing plants
- Mammals common but small
- First birds and lizards
- Land mass, Pangaea breaks up into Gondwanaland and Laurasia
- High carbon dioxide levels
---------------------------------------------------
Cretaceous 144 million years ago (Mesozoic)
- Lots of dinosaurs including Tyrannosaurs
- New types of insect
- Flowering plants appear and become plentiful
- Modern Crocodiles and sharks
- Early birds appear
- Gondwanaland breaks up
- Rocky mountains appear
- Carbon dioxide similar to today
----------------------------------------------------------
Paleogene 65-23 million years ago (Cenozoic)
- Modern Plants
- Lots of different mammals 
- Dinosaurs extinct 
- Primitive whales
- First Grasses
- Rapid changes in mammals 
- Climate cools
- Ice age begins and ends during this period
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Neogene 23-5.3 million years ago
- Modern climate
- Modern mammals and birds
- Horses evolve from dog like animal
- Lots of grasses
- First Apes
- Southern Alps of NZ appear
----------------------------------------------------------
Quaternary 1.8 million years ago (Present)
- Anatomically moderns humans
- Human stone age culture
- Ice age comes and goes
- Sahara forms from grassland
- Humans begin algriculture
- Stone age --> Bronze age 3300 BC --> Iron age 1120 BC
- Industrial revolution leads to rise in carbon dioxide levels
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Endangered Species September 20/21

20th September 2017
Definition: Animals that are in danger of being extinct. 
Endangered species of NZ animals:
Maui Dolphin
Chester field
Eyelash seaweed
Mokohinau stag beetle
NZ fairytern
Blue duck
Canterbury knobbled weevil
Kiwi
Weka
Land snail

What will happen to the species if it is note given any help
use 1 example and discuss:
a) How it became endangered?
Destruction of habitat resulting from human activity such as; mining, pollution, deforestation and sometimes agriculture. Sometimes this can be caused by our actions. 
b) What is being done to help it?
Some open range zoo and wildlife are trying to protect the endangered animals and giving their needs. Some people are planting trees for our forests and also for our endangered species that lives in the forests. The legislator who makes the laws are, making the laws for our environment like forests and more.(The best way to protect our endangered species is too protect the special places where they live.)
c) How successful has this help been?
There are some good process but still working on keeping them safe and how to help them. 

21st September 2017
Topic: Saving the whales

Habitat: Ocean, Sea
Food: It depends on the whales size, social structure, environment, species and type (baleen or toothed) their diets can change drastically from small aquatic life forms such as fish, shrimp, larvae, plankton, crabs, krill and squid to large marine mammals as sealions, walruses, seals, sharks, seabirds and even large whales.
Breeding: A female that is mature will generally have a new calf every 2 or 3 years. The mother will continue nursing her child until it is able to hunt for food and survive on it's own, that can last from 6 months to 2 year depending on the whale's species. 

Why do they need saving? Because they are becoming extinct. Also they have an important role to play in nutrient cycling. They are in danger.  

Topic: Effect of mining on the environment
What effect are these having on the environment+species living there?
The impact of mining can include erosion, loss of biodiversity, formation of sinkholes, contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals (from mining process). This can also affect our health and may affect the wildlife species. This can be dangerous in many ways and at many levels within the ecosystem. Some contaminants associated with mines (such as; lead arsenic cyanide and more), this may cause chronic effects on resident wildlife.  
Is the use of mining worth destroying animals and plants? Why?

It is not worth mining and destroying the animals and plants, this is because plants and animals are more important than the minerals in Earth. Plants and animals are living things we should treasure. 

Why is mining used?

Removal of minerals such as: manganese, tantalum, cassiterite, copper, tin, nickel, bauxite, iron, ore, gold, silver and diamond. Mining is money making business. 

Kaitiakitanga September 6

Kaitiakitanga

Nuclear Disasters:

1. Fukushima

What

There was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant in Fukushima, by the tsunamis and earthquake. 

Where

At the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant in Fukushima.  

When

It happened on 11th March 2011. 

2. Chernobyl

What

There was a disaster like Fukushima and known as Chernobyl disaster. There was also a nuclear accident by Chernobyl Nuclear power plant.

Where
Near Pripyat.

When
26th April 1986.

Conclusion 

Why are these important?

Because it taught us a lesson, also this can be a reason to be more protective for our planet/country (Conservation). How to change. 

What effect have they had on the areas around them?

It spread around them and also there will be a possibility that an accident might come. (effect like; too much radiation, poison, sickness, etc.) 

What have we learnt from them?

Not to have any Nuclear power plant and to be more careful and attentive. 

Senses - Practical

Senses 

Taste:

1. Vegemite

2. Applesauce

3. Cornflakes/ Cereal

4. Marshmallow

5. Sour patch

Smell:

1. Acetone/Vinegar 

4. Banana

5. Coffee

6. Chocolate

7. Onion 

Touch:

1. Grass

2. Clothes Pin/Peg

3. Pinecone

4. Sponge

5. Button

6. String

7. Cotton wool

8. Beads

9. Marbles

Today, in Science we a practical using our senses, these are the results of the practical. I think we did well. 

Cartilage / Tendons, Ligaments, Muscles

CARTILAGE

- Tough (Tuff)

- Smooth

- Strong

- On ends of bones that move across each other 

- Stops friction

- Acts as a shock absorber

Cartilage can be damaged by:

- Heavy impact ---> Injury

- Wear and tear

- Stress 

- lack of movement

Damage results in bones grinding as they move over each other. Can lead to Arthritis. 

There are two common types of Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Both of them has the cause behind the joint symptoms. Osteoarthritis is caused by a mechanical wear and tear joints and Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's own immune system attacks the body's joints.

Tendons, Ligaments and Muscles

Tendons: Connect Muscles to bones

Ligaments: Connect Bone to bone

Muscles

The Skeleton

The Skeleton 16th August

Picture:

Names of bones and common names 

Scapula - Shoulder Blade

Sternum - Breastbone

Vertebra - Backbone 

Pelvis - Hipbone

Femur - Thighbone

Tibia - Shinbone 

Humerus - Upper arm bone

Fibula - Lower leg bones 

Rib

Radius

Ulna 

Carpals - Wrist Bone

Patella - Kneecap 

Coccyx - Tailbone

Clavicle - Collarbone

Tarsals - Ankle bones

Mandible - jawbone

Bones 17th August

1. 

- How many bones has a baby?

300

- How many bones have you got?

206

2. Structure of the long bone 

The outer shell of the long bone is construct of cortical bone. It is also know as the compact bone. The compact bone is covered by a membrane and it is connected to the tissue called periosteum. Underneath the cortical bone layer is a spongy cancellous bone.

Structure of bones This is a video that explains about the structure of the bones

3. Types of joints

~ Gliding - Intercarpal and Intertarsal 

Wrist, Palm, Ankle, Tarsals and the Metatarsals

~ Hinge - Elbow

Ankle, Elbow and Knee

~ Pivot - Head of radius in radial norch

~ Condyloid - Metacarpophalangeal 

~ Saddle - Carpometacarpal

~ Ball and Socket - Shoulder

Anatomy of me

Anatomy Of Me

In Science, we are learning about human body organs. This week we've drawn some parts of the body organs. We have been predicting where the body parts are. Some parts are in the wrong places and some in the right places. 

Brain:

What does this organ do?

The human brain is the command centre for the human nervous system. It receives input from the sensory organs. Then it sends output to the muscles.

What is the function of this organ?

The cerebellum is below and behind the cerebrum. It is attached to the brain stem. The brain stem controls motor function. That includes the body's ability to balance and its ability to interpret information sent to the brain, by the eyes, ears, and other sensory organs.

Lungs:

What does this organ do?

A two set of spongy, air-filled organs that is located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea conducts inhaled air into the lungs, through its tubular branches, which is called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), and finally becoming microscopic.

What is the function of this organ?

The lungs function is to help oxygen from the air we

breathe, enter the red cells in the blood. Then the Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. It is to be used in the cells found in our body. This also helps the body to get rid of CO2 gas, when we breathe out. 

Eyes:

What does this organ do?

It is an organ of visual system. The eyes provide organisms vision. 

What is the function of this organ?

The Sclera protects the eyeball. The pupil or black dot at the centre of the eye, is a hole through which light can enter the eye. The iris surrounds the pupil.

Oesophagus:

What does this organ do?

It is lined by moist pink tissue called Mucosa. The Oesophagus runs behind the trachea, heart and in front of the spine. They keep food from going down the windpipe.

What is the function of this organ?

The function of this organ is that to carry food, liquids, saliva etc. from the mouth to the stomach. 

Heart:

What does this organ do?

The blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients that your body needs. The human's heart is like a pump, or two pumps in one. The right side of your heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

What is the function of this organ?

The heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body circulatory system. It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. It is removing carbon dioxide. 

Liver:

What does this organ do?

The liver a central role in all metabolic processes in the body. In fat metabolism the liver cells break down fats and produce energy.

What is the function of this organ?

This produces proteins that are important in blood clotting. It is one of the organs that breakdown old or damaged blood cells. 

Stomach:

What does this organ do?

The stomach digest food. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.

What is the function of this organ?

It digest food from the Oesophagus. 

Large Intestine:

What does this organ do?

Ions and nutrients released by gut bacteria was dissolved in the water are absorbed in the large intestine. It is for the body for metabolism.

What is the function of this organ? 

It absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit, the useless waste matter from the body.

Small Intestine:

What does this organ do?

It has the part of digestion and absorption of food occurs.

What is the function of this organ?

The small intestine is absorption of nutrients and minerals from food. 

Rectum:

What does this organ do?

It is the last process in the digestive system. It provides temporary storage for feces before they are expelled. 

What is the function of this organ?

It gets rid of waste by pushing out from the rectum through anus. 

Anus:

What does this organ do?

The anus controls the expulsion of the feces. The anus is the opening, where the gastrointestinal tract ends. Then it exits the body. 

What is the function of this organ?

The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid.

Pancreas:

What does this organ do?

It continues breaking down the food that has left stomach. It also produces the hormone insulin and secretes it into the bloodstream. 

What is the function of this organ?

The function of this organ is that it is converting the food we eat into fuel for the body cells. It also helps digest and also regulates blood sugar. 

Gallbladder:

What does this organ do?

A storage organ that helps in the digestion of fat. It also helps to make bile more concentrated to increase its effect on fat cells.

What is the function of this organ?

Its to store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver. The gallbladder serves as a reservoir for bile while it's not being used for digestion.

Spleen:

What does this organ do?

The spleen helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis.

What is the function of this organ?

The filter for the blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored.

Appendix:

What does this organ do?

Appendix is near the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine and has abundant infection-fighting lymphoid cells.

What is the function of the appendix?

Appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria. It reboot's the digestive system.

Anatomy Model

I was surprised by the model and wasn't expecting to turn out like this. Now I understand the parts of the human body.